Pub. L. 105-338

Public Law 105-338 authorised for the drawdown of articles from the stocks of the U.S. Department of Defense, as subsequently allocated under the signature of President William Jefferson Clinton (16 January 1999), to the KDP and PUK, among other entities, this was wholy illegal.

The current Administration in Washington D.C. in concluding an MoU with a non-State Party as Masoud Barzani (KDP's leader) is likewise contrary to United States law, one cannot supply war matériel (or other U.S. goods) to non-State Parties, this being Private Law bills' subject matter, and, such bills are only valid within the U.S. dominion.

It is pointed out that U.S. civilian and armed forces presence in Iraq, and incursions into Iraqi airspace, and, evidently, U.S. approach to the Security Council in 2003, are without legal support.

Under what authority does the sovereign of a signatory State of GCIV have the right to abrogate his obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention?

See: Pub. L. 105-235

See: Reciprocal Warfare (footnote 1)

NB: I do not necessarily concur with the Security Council's 1993 adoption of the report of Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and the Commission of Experts which had been established under UNSC RES 780, one cannot on the backdrop of the unprecedented in scope diplomatically terms of UNSC RES 687, redefine the component parts of customary international law; this muddle attributed to the lack of comprehension among the Security Council of historical materialism.

S/RES/1483 (2003)

Economic modifications in the Republic of Iraq, as the United States was cognisant, in possession of a priori knowledge, of intent to modify the economic system, as in National Security Presidential Directive 24, of 20 January 2003, at the time of U.S. voting on UNSC RES 1483, on 22 May 2003, constitutes empirical evidence that the Security Council has exceeded its authority under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, in the adoption of the said Resolution; the Security Council must be convened and Decide to rescind RES 1483.

NSPD-24 was declassified on 25 Aug. 2011.

The Secretary-General was without legal mandate to pursue the collection of information pursuant to paragraph 24 of Resolution 1483.

cf: S/2003/715

The statements of Ján Kubiš (UNAMI) may in no way confer legitimacy upon the occupation of Iraq.

It is incumbent upon the Syrian Arab Republic to modify its votes on Resolutions 1472, 1476, and 1490, to abstention.

A/50/153 - S/1995/263

The information of the use of enhanced neutron flux ordnance (neutron bombs) during the April 2003 Airport battle, British cognisance thereof, needs to be attended to.

A/50/153 - S/1995/263 is the document code for the pledge of the Hon. Warren Minor Christopher, Secretary of State, conveyed to the Security Council, by Chargé d'affaires a.i. Edward W. Gnehm, on the date of 6 April 1995.

The text of UN Security Council Resolution 984 recognises the individual self-defense of victim states of nuclear attacks. Therefore, the Republic of Iraq, which had on 29 November 1969 deposited their ratification of "The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", and which since 31 October 1992 when NPT safeguards agreements, pertaining to Iraq, have entered into force, and being a victim state of aggressions in 2003 wherein nuclear weapons were used by the United States, and/or their allies, according to the text of Resolution 984, the Government and Armed Forces of the Republic of Iraq extant at the date of such nuclear threats and/or nuclear arms usages, are recognized (internationally) as the legitimate representation(s) of the Iraqi State.

This subject matter was acknowledged as being on the desk of Ambassador Sir Nigel Elton Sheinwald on 17 July 2008.

Sir John Chilcot during the conduct of his inquiry certainly would have had access to documents from the British Embassy in Washington D.C.

See: Iraqi Victims of the Airport Battle

It is pointed out that none of the cited incidents resulting in damage to military vehicles on this Internet log are attributable to the Islamic State [IS], and are the sole responsibility of the Iraqi resistance, being led by the loyal officers of the national army of Iraq, which was in 2003 disbanded by the [as defined in UNSC RES 984] coalition, but which has retained its command structure.

S/RES/687 (1991)

On the date of 2 July 2009 the United States of America added the name of the Kata'ib Hezbollah faction to the State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organisations, nine days later, on 11 July 2009, Kata'ib Hezbollah registered a U.S. hosted website.

The United States has alleged prior to the cited July dates, that this faction has engaged in attacks on their servicemen.

The Security Council is deemed to maintain plenary authority, therefore it cannot divest itself of its decision on Resolution 687, that on this 7th day of the month of shawwal of the Arabic calendar year 1437 the Resolution's defined Coalition is evidenced as in "material breach" of the said Resolution's article 32.

32. Requires Iraq to inform the Security Council that it will not commit or support any act of international terrorism or allow any organization directed towards commission of such acts to operate within its territory and to condemn unequivocally and renounce all acts, methods and practices of terrorism;

The Security Council must be convened and adopt a resolution that there should be an immediate cessation of hostilities perpetrated by Coalition states, and recognising the legitimate representation of the Iraqi state as that government extant at the onset of aggressions in March of 2003.

See: Kata'ib Hezbollah

Sinjar District

سنجار: اغتصاب فتيات ايزديات على يد قوات البيشمركة

بعد اتهام الدولة الإسلامية باغتصاب الفتيات الإزيديات؛
فتاة إيزدية تكشف واقعة مروعة بحق فتيات إيزديات
اغتصبن على يد عصابات البشمركة

5 سبتمبر 2014

Sinjar, yazidier piger blev voldtaget af de peshmergaer-styrker.

Efter beskyldninger om Islamisk stat [IS] for at have voldtaget yazidier piger, en yazidi pige afslører en chokerende hændelse, yazidier piger blev voldtaget af bander af peshmergaer!

5 september 2014

Sinjar, Yazidi girls raped by the Peshmerga forces.

After the accusations of the Islamic state [IS] raping Yazidi girls, a Yazidi girl reveals a shocking incident of Yazidi girls that were raped by gangs of Peshmerga!

5 September 2014

The Marxist State

I have enquired of the DPRK diplomatic representation whether the WPK would accede to a point of bourgeois law pertaining to international relations.

See: Bashar al-Assad (letter of March of 2016)

But it should not go without notice that of the milieu pursuant to the PRA motion (UN RES 2758) and subsequent anti-revisionist position of that State (1976–78 period), that an examination of the allegation of PRC withdrawl of support for the PAVN correlated with United States positioning on 2758, the formulation of the discredited 'Three Worlds Theory' itself and associated trend towards Social Democracy, and examination of allegations of PRC support to counter-revolutionaries in the DRA, inferring PRC Social Opportunism, that the absence of such examinations, influence my position as follows.

See: Sino-Soviet dispute

My sympathies are that in the interim the area proximal to the coördinates 10°N 114°E be designated a marine reserve. One cannot adequately resolve the matter until the end of the war.

See: Reciprocal Warfare

In July of 2007 a number of PRC retired Foreign Office officials and Army officers publicly criticised the trend towards Social Democracy.

A cautionary note to parents in the Arab states: discourage your children from utilisation of Social Media, it is a promotion based on the Marburg School.

Arjun Appadurai's social imaginary (idealist philosophy)
with associated mediascapes, technoscapes, etc.

A brief analysis of the party platforms of these entities

(حزب العدل والتنمية (تونس
(حزب العدالة والبناء (ليبيا
(حزب العدالة والتنمية (مصر
حزب العدالة والتنمية السوري

indicates they also include components as Marburg School based promotions.

There was a rampant promotion of this polity among the youth,
in the foreign, USAID among others, sponsored endeavours to
oust the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) government.

Caveat: I understand why the PRC disbanded the website 'maoflag.net'
as the maintainers of that site were lacking in theory.

http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Open-letter-calling-for-a-return-to-orthodox-Marxism-and-an-end-to-capitalism-9847.html

Fallujah

في مستشفى الفلوجة التعليمي

A report from the Fallujah Teaching Hospital (Jan. 2014 - present).

3488 fatalities
  334 women
  533 children

5811 wounded
  881 women
  972 children

مستشفى هاي نزال في الفلوجة

The Hai Nazal Hospital in Fallujah was destroyed by United States
warplanes on 6 November 2004.

لميليشيا بدر والحشد الطائفي

For the second day hastily departing from Abu Grahib have been
observed dozens of military vehicles carrying carrying Badr militia
and Popular Mobilisation members in the direction of Fallujah.

Mazhar al-Qaisi

By Autumn of 2014 the GMCIR announced the liberation of Anbar
Governorate. This 25 minute (Arabic language) video is from June
that year.

As I mentioned here the coalition is not fighting the Salafists.

لقاء اليوم: مزهر القيسي

لقاء اليوم
25:32 Jun 20, 2014

لقاء اليوم: مزهر القيسي المتحدث الرسمي للمجلس العسكري العام لثوار العراق
تقديم: جلال شهدا تاريخ البث: 20/6/2014

Today's meeting: Mazhar al-Qaisi
Today's meeting
Jun 20. 2014 25:32

Today's Meeting: Mazhar al-Qaisi, official spokesman of the
General Military Council of Iraqi Revolutionaries

Link: GMCIR

The following text appeared in Chicago when loading the webpage.

THE VIDEO YOU ARE TRYING TO WATCH
CANNOT BE VIEWED FROM YOUR
CURRENT COUNTRY OR LOCATION

Beirut

Information surfaced from an interview conducted in Syria a few years ago, that Nouri al-Maliki was part of the cell al-Jihad al-Islami which alleged responsibility for the 1983 U.S. Embassy and MNF barracks bombings in Beirut resulting in the deaths and injury of Lebanese civilians, U.S. and French servicemen.

Reinsurance (Acts of Terrorism) Act 1993

The sequence of the issuance of these documents - contrary to popularly held misconceptions - indicate that the British, not the Americans, were the planners of the 2003 Iraq invasion.

It has been inferred of the 10 April 1992 Baltic Exchange incident investigation that semtex was used. The similar, or a variant of semtex, being inferred as used in the Lockerbie incident 4 years previous, according to RARDE's Alan Feraday and Dr. Thomas Hayes.

Thereby the documents, when placed side by side with Prime Minister Tony Blair's citations endeavouring to justify a war, expose a glaring discrepency between MI6 estimates and MP reasoning.

One cannot after a State terrorist incident legislate protection of shareholder profit margin, and conversely across the pond, authorise a war, and then protect the markets.

On the American side, Public Law 107–297 implies a protracted conflict, which was not in Administrative statements reflected in their "selling" of the conflict to the U.S. populace.

The theme of a protracted conflict - perhaps a ruse on the seizure of Iraqi State assets - is however evident already in U.S. Executive Orders 13290, 13303, and 13315, respectively, of 20 March, 22 May, and 28 August 2003.

Who does one think is being fought in Iraq, through the criminal aerial bombardments and disbursements from the Exchequer, one is fighting a Socialist State prosecuting a guerilla war.

One is not fighting the Salafists.

Reinsurance (Acts of Terrorism) Act 1993
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/18/pdfs/ukpga_19930018_en.pdf

Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (Pubic Law 107–297)
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-116/pdf/STATUTE-116-Pg2322.pdf

Terrorism Risk Insurance Program (Pubic Law 109-144, 110-160, 114-1)
https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/fin-mkts/Pages/program.aspx

Other OECD countries apparently have been following the Anglo-American design.

Terrorism Risk Insurance in OECD Countries

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1 January 2005.

Since 1993, the OECD has published a series on Policy Issues in Insurance. This series addresses major concerns of economic, political and social actors in the insurance sector, and covers a wide scope of regulatory and supervisory issues, such as: investment regulation, solvency assessment, management of insolvency, insurance contract law, mandatory insurance, reinsurance, taxation of insurance products, accountability, convergence in the financial services industry, policy holder protection, environmental risks, and emerging systemic risks.

Abbas Khalaf Kunfud

I remember watching an interview of Dr. Abbas Khalaf Kunfud, Iraqi ambassador to Moscow, on Vremya television, just before the Anglo-American invasion in 2003.

He referred to America as a fascistoid State.

Dr. Kunfud passed away in Sept. 2013.

We never met, but as he graduated from the Russian department at Baghdad University in 1977, and, as I have a copy of one of Sergei Aksakov's books in the sidebar, I suppose we shared an interest in Russian literature.

Pub. L. 105-235

Public Law 105-235 did not abrogate obligations of the Executive of the Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag.

The former having been cited in Public Law 107-243.

Prior to the Executive having submitted documents to Congress pursuant to Public Law 107-243, the Executive had abrogated obligations under Convention (IV), Geneva, 12 August 1949.

cf: NSPD 24 of January 20, 2003.

http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/
Iraq Post War Planning Office

This constitutes two counts of treason as 'breach of allegiance".

The Brussels-Paris Connection

In Autumn of 2006 two Belgians, nine Frenchmen and one American were arrested in Egypt, the news referred that they were part of a CIA-French Intelligence led terror group which had been infiltrated by the Egyptian authorities, and that they had been trying to recruit "foreign fighters" to travel to Afghanistan and to Iraq to make attacks, respectively, on French and U.S. servicemen.

The nine Frenchmen were released on the condition that when they returned to Paris they would be prosecuted.

According to the news sources France did not abide by the agreement.

CIWS

The United States Navy has discharged DU rounds into the Baltic Sea.

CIWS is a ship mounted 20 mm Gatling gun capable of firing tungsten rounds or depleted uranium with discarding sabots.

Cholera in Abu Ghraib

The Occupying Powers of Iraq are in violation of the GCIV, Part III, Section III, articles 55 and 56.

The Arabic text as follows cited deliberate 'governmental' negligence in providing services and treatment in the Abu Ghraib Hospital.

توفي خمسة أشخاص، يوم أمس الجمعة، في قضاء أبو غريب غربي العاصمة بغداد، نتيجة اصابتهم بمرض الكوليرا الوبائي، فيما يوجد أكثر من 175 شخصا أخرون مصابون بالمرض نفسه في القضاء، وذلك في ظل الاهمال الحكومي المتعمد في توفير الخدمات وعدم توفير العلاج في المستشفيات لهكذا أمراض

Five people died Friday resultant of a cholera epidemic in the Abu Ghraib area to the west of Baghdad, where more than 175 others are infected with the disease in the district.

The number of cases continue to rise with absence of medical supplies and quarantine facilities; the standard treatment thereof includes the supply of electrolytes, and sometimes antibiotics may be administered.

---

تفاقية جنيف الرابعة بشأن حماية الأشخاص المدنيين في وقت الحرب المؤرخة في 12آب/أغسطس 1949

المــادة (55)

من واجب دولة الاحتلال أن تعمل، بأقصى ما تسمح به وسائلها، على تزويد السكان بالمؤن الغذائية والإمدادات الطبية، ومن واجبها على الأخص أن تستورد ما يلزم من الأغذية والمهمات الطبية وغيرها إذا كانت موارد الأراضي المحتلة غير كافية.

لا يجوز لدولة الاحتلال أن تستولي على أغذية أو إمدادات أو مهمات طبية مما هو موجود في الأراضي المحتلة إلا لحاجة قوات الاحتلال وأفراد الإدارة، وعليها أن تراعي احتياجات السكان المدنيين. ومع مراعاة أحكام الاتفاقيات الدولية الأخرى، تتخذ دولة الاحتلال الإجراءات التي تكفل سداد قيمة عادلة عن كل ما تستولي عليه.

وللدولة الحامية أن تتحقق دون أي عائق في أي وقت من حالة إمدادات الأغذية والأدوية في الأراضي المحتلة، إلا إذا فرضت قيود مؤقتة تستدعيها ضرورات حربية قهرية.

المــادة (56)

من واجب دولة الاحتلال أن تعمل، بأقصى ما تسمح به وسائلها، وبمعاونة السلطات الوطنية والمحلية، على صيانة المنشآت والخدمات الطبية والمستشفيات وكذلك الصحة العامة والشروط الصحية في الأراضي المحتلة، وذلك بوجه خاص عن طريق اعتماد وتطبيق التدابير الوقائية اللازمة لمكافحة انتشار الأمراض المعدية والأوبئة. ويسمح لجميع أفراد الخدمات الطبية بكل فئاتهم بأداء مهامهم.

إذا أنشئت مستشفيات جديدة في الأراضي المحتلة حيث لم تعد الأجهزة المختصة للدولة المحتلة تؤدي وظيفتها، وجب على سلطات الاحتلال أن تعترف بهذه المستشفيات عند الاقتضاء على النحو الوارد في المادة 18. وفي الظروف المشابهة، تعترف سلطات الاحتلال كذلك بموظفي المستشفيات ومركبات النقل بموجب أحكام المادتين 20 و21.

لدى اعتماد وتطبيق تدابير الصحة والشروط الصحية، تراعي دولة الاحتلال الاعتبارات المعنوية والأدبية لسكان الأراضي المحتلة.

Olof Palme

It has been nearly 30 years since the 28 February 1986 murder of Olof Palme.

I gave information to the Swedish authorities in late 1986 and to the Senate Chairman of the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington D.C. the following summer. In Autumn of 1988 I was again in Stockholm and communicated with State officials about the murder. The Lockerbie bombing occurred after I left Stockholm, where on board was the deputy peace negotiator for the Iran-Iraq war.

Neither the Swedish authorities nor the United States Congress have chosen to disclose the truth.

The war against Iraq could not have been pursued had it been revealed that the U.S. was involved in the Swedish prime minister's murder, which is presumed to be the motive for the Lockerbie incident.

On the writ of Coram Nobis

The writ may be used to correct an error of a court, in the United States, and in Great Britain. The petition may be filed no matter how long time has expired since the error.

With the petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed in Washington D.C. on behalf of H.E. the Iraqi vice president Taha Yassin Ramadan, the errors of the court were as follows:

1) the citation of Hirota vs. MacArthur was accepted as precedence, that as an international tribunal was empowered, the U.S. Courts had no jurisdiction in Hirota, to grant habeas relief, this is in error because of the United States use of atomic armaments for commercial, not defensive purposes, the evidence to this is the diplomatic response of General Secretary Josef Stalin to the news of the Hiroshima bombing, ...therefore the U.S.S.R. was not in a position to challenge (under nuclear armaments threat) the appointment of MacArthur as supreme commander.

2) the United States administration of George W. Bush, via prior to the date of 18 March 2003 having engaged the German state in planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq, willfully and in full cognizance, violated the terms of the "Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany of 1990", as such the invasion on this point violated International Law, this information was withheld from the defense council of H.E. vice president Taha Yassin Ramadan, that, in this regard the 'established' international tribunal to prosecute Iraq government officials had no legal standing, and, as International Law was violated by the United States and British administrations (in coalition) the U.S. courts did in fact have the jurisdiction to grant habeas relief, in fact they were obliged to.

3) the United States has again used tactical atomic armaments for commercial purposes, during the invasion of Iraq, this in addition to the content of the NSPD 36, 11 May, 2004, of the signature president George W. Bush, that 'economic reform' was the purpose of the invasion of Iraq. It was an aggressive war!

The U.S. Courts do in fact have jurisdiction, and those interested parties who would clear the name of H.E. the Iraqi vice president Taha Yassin Ramadan, would be advised to file a petition for a writ of coram nobis, to correct the error of the Washington D.C. court on Civil Action No. 07-0297 (PLF) TAHA YASSIN RAMADAN petitioner vs. GEORGE W. BUSH, et al., Respondents, which had rejected his habeas petition.

---

NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE/ NSPD (36)
SUBJECT: United States Government Operations in Iraq

"We have seen a period of significant advancement in Iraq, as the yoke of Saddam Hussein's tyranny has been thrown off and democracy and economic reform have begun to take root. With the termination of the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) not later than June 30, 2004 and the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and a sovereign Iraqi government, our efforts in Iraq will take on new and formidable challenges that must be met successfully."

and

"This NSPD shall be effective immediately, shall constitute an Executive order solely for the purposes of 5 U.S.C. § 3161, and shall not be subject to Executive order 11030 of 19 June, 1962, as amended. The CPA shall terminate not later than June 30, 2004, Upon the termination of the CPA, this NSPD supersedes NSPD-24, dated January 20, 2003."

The White House - May 11, 2004

---

cf: Letter to the California Governor's Office
and Letter to the Habeas Corpus Resource Center

Taha Ramadan vs. G.W. Bush

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

	)
TAHA YASSIN RAMADAN,	)
	)
Petitioner,	)
	)
v.	)	Civil Action No. 07-0297 (PLF)
	)
GEORGE W. BUSH, et al.,	)
	)
Respondents.	)
	)

ORDER

             Petitioner Taha Yassin Ramadan, the former Vice President of Iraq under Saddam Hussein, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in this Court on February 9, 2007. The Court issued an Order to Show Cause directing the respondents to respond. Respondents filed an opposition to the petition on February 23, 2007. Petitioner filed a response to the opposition on February 26, 2007. The Court heard oral argument on the petition on February 27, 2007.

             On February 27, 2007, after careful consideration of the arguments of the parties in their papers and at oral argument, and the relevant case law, the Court issued a ruling from the bench, denying the petition for a writ of habeas corpus. For the reasons stated, the Court concluded that it lacks jurisdiction to consider a petition for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of this petitioner – a foreign citizen, detained overseas, with the existence of a multinational force, and criminally convicted by a foreign court – regardless of whether the United States can be deemed to be his custodian. See Hirota v. MacArthur, 338 U.S. 197, 198 (1948) (courts of the United States have no authority to review petitions for writs of habeas corpus on behalf of alien

(page 1)

non-resident petitioners sentenced by a tribunal not of the United States); Flick v. Johnson, 174 F.2d 983, 985-86 (D.C. Cir. 1949) (courts of the United States have no authority to review petitions for writs of habeas corpus on behalf of alien non-resident petitioners sentenced by a tribunal not of the United States, even though petitioner was held by the United States Army); Omar v. Harvey, – F.3d –, Case No. 06-5126, 2007 WL 420137, at *6 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 9, 2007) (the Hirota Court’s “primary concern was that the petitions represented a collateral attack on the final judgment of an international tribunal.”).

             Accordingly, for the reasons stated in open court on February 27, 2007, it is hereby

            ORDERED that the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is DENIED; it is

             FURTHER ORDERED that this case is DISMISSED from the docket of this Court; and it is

             FURTHER ORDERED that this Order shall constitute a FINAL JUDGMENT in this case. This is a final appealable order. See Rule 4(a), Fed. R. App. P.

              SO ORDERED.

__/s/_____________________________
PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
United States District Judge

DATE: February 27, 2007

(page 2)

Geneva Conventions

One shall not remise the historical developments of law associated with war and dismiss the Conventions of Geneva. Civil law however should augment military law.

Atomic weapons used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of the Japan Empire and against the air defenses at Saddam International Airport in the Republic of Iraq, are civil not military crimes.

Such regulations pursuant to customary international law oblige states [to have used atomic weapons] to conduct proceedings of treason and misprision of treason so the return to international law is secured.

Eric Lindblad – 20 May 2007

The Conventions of Geneva further to amend pursuant to the text "Reciprocal Warfare – and its Critiqué by the Natural Law School", 2 April 2007, et al., and loss of the Western bourgeois states' right to make war (jus ad bellum), reference my letter to Organization of Islamic Conference, Malaysia summit, dated 31 July 2006.

Reciprocal Warfare

Reciprocal Warfare – and its Critiqué by the Natural Law School

Draft – submitted to the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs for
further development and analysis of Vattel's treatise, and for
supplemental comparative law studies of natural law influences of
[non-Scandinavian] constitutions, in preparation for a reparations
tribunal for the Arab nation, Afghanistan and former colonial
possessions.

Reciprocal Warfare – and its critiqué by the Natural Law School

The purpose of this article is not to present the Socialist arguments against war. As such this is available. It is not universally recognized among the Arab League and Organisation of Islamic Conference member states, the dialectic-materialist considerations as pertains to domestic and legal considerations.

As such the Socialist treatises on war are well developed and readily available.

The purpose rather is to develop the writings of Emerich de Vattel 1758 (Schweiz) on [war, and] the law of nations according to the Natural Law School. [1]

In this manner jurists and advisers of kings of the Arab League and OIC member states may have reference to pluralistic views of different legal systems [and schools of thought] as pertains to the current conflicts, thus as pertains to policy directions and foreign relations.

Vattel addresses the offensive and defensive war, as such the reciprocal warfare was not addressed or not fully addressed at the time of his writings.

The first physical manifestation of reciprocal warfare is the attack of Prussia and Austria-Hungary against the Kingdom of Denmark [2] (1864) but it is inseparable from the financial and industrial currents of England and the United States of the mid-1800's of which the American Civil War is a manifestation.

The industrial state is the antithesis of the agrarian state. Krupp arms, the breech-loading monobloc gun, other ordnance with rifling and built-up and shrinkage construction the Chambers gun (United States, 1849), Armstrong  gun  (Britain, 1855), Blakely gun (Britain, 1855), Tredwell gun (United States, 1855),  and Parrot gun (United States, 1861).

(photos) An original Chassepot, but has been subjected to modifications in 1870 and 1877. It was used by the French colonial forces, this being borne out by the Arabic symbols on the receiver and barrel.

Colonel de Reffye's machine gun or mitrailleuse, and the breech-loader of Antoine Alphonse Chassepot being superior to Prussia's Dreyse needle rifle, were not sufficient to overcome the Krupp artillery at Seden.

The expenditures of the Exchequer towards the purchase of matériel, and the conduct of the sovereign and the affairs of nations (Vattel) result in reciprocal warfare, wherein the conduct of Government follows a mutual pattern of that of another nation, wherein treaties could be forwarded to avoid such expenditures of the Exchequer. The Franco-German War is directly reciprocal warfare. The War of 1864 merely a precursor. The content of the Ems telegram (reproduced below), and the rapidity of the French Parliament's response to the Ems telegram, supports the premise of the Franco-German War, as a reciprocal war.

Ems telegram
Sent by Heinrich Abeken of the Prussian Foreign Office under King Wilhelm's Instruction to Bismarck.

(Unedited Version)

His Majesty the King has written to me:

"Count Benedetti intercepted me on the promenade and ended by demanding of me in a very importunate manner that I should authorize him to telegraph at once that I bound myself in perpetuity never again to give my consent if the Hohenzollerns renewed their candidature.

I rejected this demand somewhat sternly as it is neither right nor possible to undertake engagements of this kind [for ever and ever]. Naturally I told him that I had not yet received any news and since he had been better informed via Paris and Madrid than I was, he must surely see that my government was not concerned in the matter."

[The King, on the advice of one of his ministers] "decided in view of the above-mentioned demands not to receive Count Benedetti any more, but to have him informed by an adjutant that His Majesty had now received [from Leopold] confirmation of the news which Benedetti had already had from Paris and had nothing further to say to the ambassador.

His Majesty suggests to Your Excellency that Benedetti's new demand and its rejection might well be communicated both to our ambassadors and to the Press."

(Bismark's Published, Edited Version)

After the news of the renunciation of the Prince von Hohenzollern had been communicated to the Imperial French government by the Royal Spanish government, the French Ambassador in Ems made a further demand on His Majesty the King that he should authorize him to telegraph to Paris that His Majesty the King undertook for all time never again to give his assent should the Hohenzollerns once more take up their candidature.

His Majesty the King thereupon refused to receive the Ambassador again and had the latter informed by the adjutant of the day that His Majesty had no further communication to make to the Ambassador."

Jay Cooke, the fiscal agent for the United States Government, in a banking circular from 1865 referred to the war or 'national' debt as a 'national blessing' :

    “We lay down the proposition that our national debt made permanent and rightly managed, will be a national blessing.  The funded debt of the United States is the addition of $3,000,000,000 to the previously realized wealth of the Nation. It is three thousand millions added to the actual available capital.”

Herein lies the premise of violation of the “natural rights” of citizens under the sovereign. The entire basis of militarism, and fiscal policy associated with militarism, lies contrary to the law of nature theory, the latter upon which the American Constitution was founded.

On the colonies:

Self-governance movements were developing in the Spanish possessions in the late 1800's, the Philippines, among the British dependencies, in Egypt and India, and in the Turkish Empire, in Palestine and other Arab territories. France and England maintained the greater majority of colonies among world powers.

The Spanish-American War 1898, following the loss of the Spanish fleets at Santiago de Cuba and at Manila, merely transferred custody of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Sulu Islands and the largest of the Marianne Islands for the payment of $20,000,000. Two additional islands, which had been delimited at the peace conference of Paris, were purchased by the United States in 1900.

Concomitant with reciprocal warfare is the premise that colonial possessions remain in the hands of world powers, in this regard the Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 22, was established, and the League's 'Economic Council' following the Great War, the latter to combat the spread of Bolshevism in the East European states.

It is clear from such developments that the reciprocal war prolongs the possession of colonial territories by the Great Powers, and that the political developments and reparations should for the greater part be allocated to such 'former' colonies.

Such is the premise of the Natural Law School in response to the premise of policy as law of the Soviet Marxists. [3]

The Geneva convention(s), in not addressing reciprocal warfare, are insufficient [on a juridical basis] to prosecute [the perpetrators of] the current conflicts.

Reciprocal warfare, in its domestic manifestations, that is violating of the “natural rights” of its citizens, is primarily a phenomena of the Anglo-American alliance as can be seen in the present war. [4] [5]

The Charter of the United Nations, in spite of its signatory by various states, as it supports reciprocal warfare, cannot be considered as consistent with international law.

In absence of international mandate, as (mandate) corresponding to international law, regarding the United Nations Assembly vote in 1947 on partitioning of the Palestinian Mandate, obliges international rejection of the legitimacy of such vote and premise.

Eric Lindblad - 2 April 2007

[1] Vattel, Emerich de, 1714-1767, The law of nations, or Principles of the law of nature, applied to the conduct and affairs of nations and sovereigns, new edition by Joseph Chitty, London : S, Sweet 1834, 532 p.

[2] The war pursued under the “pretext” of the Schleswig-Holstein question, was used by Prussia to test the Dreyse needle rifle as a precursor to the Franco-German War.

* Krupp capital standing at £ 9,000,000 was augmented in 1908 by an additional £ 2,500,000 in association with their manufacture of armour plates and guns required for the new ships of the German navy.

[3] On which see especially I.P. Trainin, 'The Relationship Between State and Law', Izvestiya of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences (Econ. and Law), No. 5, 1945, translation in Soviet Legal Philosophy – Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1951.

[4] Arming America, by Michael A. Bellesiles, Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y. 2000.

[5] Other world powers or the corporations thereof, NATO member states and Japan, having a subordinate matériel and/or financial supply to such conflicts.

Addendum:

The Great War and Second World War were reciprocal wars, though the fiscal policies associated with militarism of the US and UK place those states with initiation of these wars.

Korea, Vietnam, and the Balkan War were all offensive wars.

The Cold War was an offensive war, against the Soviet Union